wget https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.10.0/Python-3.10.0a6.tgz
tar xzvf Python-3.10.0a6.tgz
cd Python-3.10.0a6
./configure --prefix=$HOME/python-3.10.0a6
make
make install
$HOME/python-3.10.0a6/bin/python3.10

Python 3.10.0a6 (default, Mar 27 2021, 11:50:33) [GCC 9.3.0] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>>

# Function that accepts either `int` or `float`
# Old:
def func(value: Union[int, float]) -> Union[int, float]:
    return value
# New:
def func(value: int | float) -> int | float:
    return value

isinstance("hello", int | str)
# True

FileName = str
def parse(file: FileName) -> None:
    ...

FileName: TypeAlias = str
def parse(file: FileName) -> None:
    ...

value = 42
print(bin(value))
# '0b101010'
print(value.bit_count())
# 3

def bit_count(value):
    return bin(value).count("1")

with (
    open("somefile.txt") as some_file,
    open("otherfile.txt") as other_file,
):
    ...
from contextlib import redirect_stdout
with (open("somefile.txt", "w") as some_file,
      redirect_stdout(some_file)):
    ...

~ $ ./python3.10 -m pyperf timeit -q --compare-to=python "str()"
Mean +- std dev: [python] 81.9 ns +- 4.5 ns -> [python3.10] 60.0 ns +- 1.9 ns: 1.36x faster (-27%)
~ $ ./python3.10 -m pyperf timeit -q --compare-to=python "bytes()"
Mean +- std dev: [python] 85.1 ns +- 2.2 ns -> [python3.10] 60.2 ns +- 2.3 ns: 1.41x faster (-29%)
~ $ ./python3.10 -m pyperf timeit -q --compare-to=python "bytearray()"
Mean +- std dev: [python] 93.5 ns +- 2.1 ns -> [python3.10] 73.1 ns +- 1.8 ns: 1.28x faster (-22%)

def func(day):
    match day:
        case "Monday":
            return "Here we go again..."
        case "Friday":
            return "Happy Friday!"
        case "Saturday" | "Sunday":  # Multiple literals can be combined with `|`
            return "Yay, weekend!"
        case _:
            return "Just another day..."

def func(person):  # person = (name, age, gender)
    match person:
        case (name, _, "male"):
            print(f"{name} is man.")
        case (name, _, "female"):
            print(f"{name} is woman.")
        case (name, age, gender):
            print(f"{name} is {age} old.")
func(("John", 25, "male"))
# John is man.

from dataclasses import dataclass
@dataclass
class Person:
    name: str
    age: int
    gender: str
def func(person):  # person is instance of `Person` class
    match person:
        # This is not a constructor
        case Person(name, age, gender) if age < 18:  # guard for extra filtering
            print(f"{name} is a child.")
        case Person(name=name, age=_, gender="male"):  # Wildcard ("throwaway" variable) can be used
            print(f"{name} is man.")
        case Person(name=name, age=_, gender="female"):
            print(f"{name} is woman.")
        case Person(name, age, gender):  # Positional arguments work
            print(f"{name} is {age} years old.")
func(Person("Lucy", 30, "female"))
# Lucy is woman.
func(Person("Ben", 15, "male"))
# Ben is a child.

match users:
    case [Person(...)]:
        print("One user provided...")
    case [Person(...), Person(...) as second]:  # `as var` can be used to capture subpattern
        print(f"There's another user: {second}")
    case [Person(...), Person(...), *rest]:  # `*var` can be used as unpacking
        print(...)